shadhinotaçš„ä¸»é¡µ

shadhinotaçš„ä¸»é¡µ http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota Fri, 10 Feb 2012 20:51 EST Fri, 10 Feb 2012 20:51 EST Zorpia.com give a name http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1897224 What we r going to term our selfâ€¦â€¦â€¦.anything lamb blind dumb deaf kind ,,who have different says about their condition, their process of living or the treatment they r receiving from people around them. but they have nothing to do with it .or something like feeble or infirm vermin who really dose not have any control what is happening in their life ,who have only a poor way of leaving< eat â€“live--- die> â€¦..or something like inert must be the best definition for us, who totally have no say about anything. Wait let me b a little bit impartial. M I not doing injustice with them trying to becoming a part of relate our name with them .I must beg apology 4making such insult of them There should b a brand new name for a horrible ,selfish ,greedy ,shameless ,moral less, monstrous ,hostile group .What ever its happening in our country we barely hv any care about that. Hundreds of our national heroes been killed . their family been horribly tortured. Thousands of children lost their father (a life with out papa, his love, care company ----could it b imaginable).But yet we r sleeping. All of us r busy in our lifeâ€¦.do we even think that we the nation n d total country turned kind of orphan .They all were the strong pillars of our defending background But who hv such much time for this topic to think about we r still alive,,,,,,,,,,, <Bashundharcity> one of the leading construction representing our approaching steps towards development been destroyed . we yet even donâ€™t know wat was the mystery behind it â€¦â€¦. Drugs r being sold openly through out the country â€¦â€¦..we r clearly known about that (bt busy yeer â€¦n where my son is going to hav that n other boys ahhhhhhh just go to dogs) mM I sure abt that my son dosent take drugs????????? One by one the educational institutes r being closed â€¦..students r suffering ,they r being harmed ,session gape it getting greaterâ€¦..n the most harmful fact is that students r loosing their interest, enthusiasm, eagernessâ€¦â€¦â€¦who will think abt that All the day there is no electricity â€¦â€¦..is it a habitable place? But ( I hv IPS na>>>>>>>>> so let others suffer>>>) Who ever been killed ,tortured ,who is not feed ,who dosent hv light let thm suffer Me still alive so enjoy ittttttttt So there must b a brand new name for us â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦.MUST not that? Personal http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1897224 Tue, 14 Apr 2009 22:16 EST where to hide me http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1824596 from last some days i m fining places to hide myself but every where the lifeless n bare soil,sand,rock,water have refushed to take me in there cover.they say that they finds a spoiled ,toxic smell from me.i cheaked againg and again but found nothing,then i went to some trees then i realized that there is really some thing toxic in me couse the trees turned pell, dried n atlast died....when i touched them .n that small is a smell of human     a hungry tiger never eats up another tiger but we never need to be hungry we just love to eat up our own child.some days ago one news came that 38 students of zhahanghirnagar university are at a risk of lossing their way of highir study.cause they hv raised their voice againest  the nacked thrust of a reacher.................................................................   parents handover their chieldren to teachers without asking one single question.having great faith on them but we used to eat up those helpless little human bud. do those hostail persones never think that this girls r d light of some parents,hopes of their life.do they ever think they r killing that girl cutting her throat n will lett her to enjoy d pain as long as she will live   in our rushing life we never hv time to think of others problems but my question is that why should our smell will b such posioned?   my38 friends hv begged to d totall nation but i only begg to d teachers our leader,dream personality.the most sensative part of our life we pass with them  ....we say wat they ask,learn wat they teach,belive wat they show................so now they have to give wat we begg   [[[[[[[[[[when a folk of lion can through out a hostail pride partnar(group partner}why our respected teachers cant just kick that crushial animal from their class]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]   i only begg to them whom we obay after god   a helpless sister of those victim brothers n sister Personal http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1824596 Wed, 30 Jul 2008 15:24 EST waitinggggggggggggggggg http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1824592 Do women yet attain the respect of a human being ?are they being treated as a part of civilization or till d moment while this writing is done women are only servants or a particular kind of alive species .it code be taken as a topic of a debate thatâ€™â€™ is there any difference among a domestic donkey and womenâ€™â€™ I could say with enough confidence that d party talking on the opposite theme of the topic have smart chances to win .the horrible truth is in this 21st century women r standing at the place where they were standing wt d first morning of the world;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; In the long run of human race only the pattern of slavery have changed but the humiliating position and unstable state havenâ€™t turned a bit .some of us just have get d tag of graduate, established , successful , happy , leader. or somehow stepped forward ,we will come to this point later . first try to count the number of these tag holder women .with w cursory we can found only 0.078% women r leading the life of prestige ,power, popularity ,priority about 20% r leading a life of health and to some extent happiness 10% are having light in their mind n mood [these women are not totally enjoying a proper environment but there life is let bitter ] so including all of them only 30.078% women of about 300billion are having a life that could be said led as a civilized citizen .n the left 69.922% only lead there life donâ€™t live their life.   wemen r yet been treated as slaves pdoductive domestic animal entertainment equipments some time pray of hungry nocturnal animal in face of their own kind commercial projects n overall all ways an cotton bag some how any how it comes in work when it becomes totally out of work you can light fire in it n enjoy some flashes of light     yet they are a long long away from d shource of light,yet they r just living a entertaining life to all.take birth,start searving others being a topic to scorld on n repent on heving a girl child n die searving giving other realise after getting relised from a old donkey once who have searved day night       when weman will become friend to man ,when they will b able be respecter by their world partnars when they will not have to face the hursh truth that she is being used every time.when they will be free from being afraid of man .......wat more they have to do for gyes to be felt as they feel for thm...............this questions are with out qus sign coz there is no answe for them   how long will they have to wait Personal http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1824592 Wed, 30 Jul 2008 14:55 EST feel n feelings http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1824586 Is there anything called love in this world???????????? There must b two party having opposite opinion also having strong logic for following any one side. before going with d flow of conversation lets get a cursory over some universal truths â€¦â€¦ 1st of all love is a process where we have to sacrifice our interest,feelings,dreams,motivation ,belive, destination, bream. Total it is that path way where you have to walk on a new way ,look through some other ones window , stand under some others sky having totally different color.2ndly man after all an animal obviously the best creation but yet animal .and it strongly caries the major characteristics of its kind like hunger, greed , anger , boastfulness ,ferociousness and so much selfish . I am talking about total human kind including myself .3rd fact is one can only feel his own pain .its nearly impossible to realize how strong storm is rushing in others heart , how bitter he or she is feeling ,how the persone is crying in himself.one can only realize his or her own pain.     as for we can never fullfill the fast requirments of love then how could be there any fact called love in this world.we only feel our own.when any one leaves us we feel sorry coz we will have to live with the vacaned place of the gone porsone .we wish to have some sweet cute persone in our life who can make us filled with nice n adorable feelings.we want that our beloved persone to stay fine coz we want to share their light of life n when they will in pain we will hv to suffer as same as them.in all respect we never feel other we only n only feel us the most rude but most strong truth is that when you need a hugh n want to cry in burst in someones arms ,will find a hand to hold ur hand you will finf yourself totally lonley .every relationships in this world is a computer game we just play them or it can be said those are very well written storry we act them aswell   love is a puzzle which never can be solved [these r only my one openion not to hart other( it was about every kind of love)]   Personal http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1824586 Wed, 30 Jul 2008 14:32 EST its hard but we r man also http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1824582 its really haad to forget our past or ill happnings.the events those have spoiled our oriented life,its hard to erage them from our mind.some time some occurences just come down to us n creat a stromy wind which  vibrates our dreams n roots.we become out of truck ............................................. but after all we r human being ,we know how to be happy.we cover d bloody injured heart with cold touch of hope n then light up a tender candel of pray.we again start living,dreaming n aproaching.only man can treat his past success history in his faint days like a weak tiny straw in a great flow of current. we never regret for falling in water or d horrible breathes those were trying to leave ,us after comming out of d deep water n come on d brink.. but we always love those remaining breathes those yet continuing their friendship with us   only man can live with a broken heart coz only this kind of creature can manage them to wait for a new morn in a dark cold ferocious night nurishing d memories of last sunshine of last morning in heart.   during a tairing journey in desert we can wait for a sip of  sweet n pure water drawing a fanchy shape of lake in d hot n rude sand.its hard really hard but we r man also.   sorrow  sometimes can bring a coma in our life but it never can make it fullstop.once d wishes wins d wings n shining in d sky they fly around.   night can made us to held standstill but it never can manage to make us a rock even turning to a rock we start rolling so nothing can make us stop   its hard to overcome sudden crash but its far tough to make us failed or defated .after all we r the man ....................... we never let hope to step out from our eyes   hopes wishes n prays 4 alllllllll humanbeing  Personal http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1824582 Wed, 30 Jul 2008 14:12 EST notun diner notun alo shobar mone jaluk alo http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1793719 Notuner agomoni shobar jibone sundor ar oshadharon valolaga nie asuk __________________________#__# _________________________#__##__# ________________#########_#____#_# ________########____________##_#_# _____##__##____________________#_# ____##_#___#_____________________# ____#_#___#_________________##___# ____#_#__##___________#######_____# ____#__#_#_________###________##__# _____##_______###_#_____##_____#________####### _______###_______#_____###______##____##__###__# _________#______#________#___#__#____##_##___### sotto sossota sorboda _________#______#_______#####___#___##_##____#__# __________#_____##____##_______#____#__#_____#__# ___________##____##__________#######___#___##__# _____________##____##_____###_____#_____###____# __________#############_####______#_________# _______##_______#______#____#_____#___________# _____##_________#______#____#_____##_________# ___##___________#_______#___###__###________# __#____________###_______###___##___#______# _##__________##___#____##____________#___## _#__________#______####______________#_## ##_________#_______ SUVESSA_____# #__________#____ ___SHOBAIKE__________# _#_________#____shuvo noboborsho_____# _##________#_____________________### ___##____##_____notun purnotamoi __## _____#########_____hoeuthuk________####___# ___##_________###________#####_________# __#_____#________##_#####__________######### _#___###__##_______#_____________##__________## _#__#_______##______#__________##______________## _#__#_________##____#___##____#_____########__## __#_#___________#____#_#_#___##___##________##___# __##_#__________#___###___####___#____________#_# ___##__#________#___#________#__#_____________### ____##__##____##__#___________#__##_________## ______##__####__##______________#__##_____## ________########________ Protiti shokales surjo sobar jonno soriedik purnotar kiron Alo jar akhangkhate amra protikha kori , shobai jeno alor ujjolotai sonjibito hoi Singdhotate amader moner shom saya kete jak ,nispapa hok shobar chetona Shojibotai shikto mon nie amra alor pothe agie jai Ake onner hath dhore ,sho vinnota vule, shob sreni bivag venge Amra ak sotter onusari ak dol alor pujari ogroshor hoi . Amar shob bondhu, shuvakangkhi amar shob shochor Shobaike noboborsher onabil suneccha r suvashish Protita muhurte apnara shokole valo a sundorer shoa pan Apnader shokol protasa puron hok Amar desher jonno [ oshes valobasa ar hajar hajar protigga prodin aro besi valobashbo BANGLADESH tomake] ar tomak nie shopno dekhbo prothikhon ,tomar jonno shadhona korbo obiroto Amar vashar jonno porom srodha ar snigdho suvakankha tumi tomar mayai purnota pao ******************************Sagotom 1415 *************************** Personal http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1793719 Mon, 14 Apr 2008 02:57 EST something that is needed to be felt http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1793273 The complicated part of life Life is a amalgamation of feelings , events , consequences ,fights n effects. We used to run on particular way of each person related to ones environment , motivations , n sometimes ones destiny .passing d truck of life we face challenges , troubles , obstructers, complications related mind, position , honour , relations and mandatory requirements for survival .these come to us n made us stepped out of truck or sometime terminate our journey .makes our life far rude to carry on makes the situation far complex to cope with makes our feelings far terrible to feel them ..human life is never a calm lake having gentle slow flow of water ,itâ€™s a sea having speedy current of water , giant waves ,storms n sometime lovely plane flow ,dances of water drops. Itâ€™s a kind of sophisticated puzzles that we have to solve and to reach to d solution we have to make scrupulous analysis n take practical decision. The age starting from 17 ending 25 sometimes depending on ones maturity level it can vary but generally persons passing this part of life have to face catastrophic views of mental conditions n reformations of relations. It is d major part of d preparation taken by us for the coming future dreamed by every one.but itâ€™s a unexpected truth that this time never assists us positively .according to d history of human race it can be concluded that people used to b so soft hearted in this particular time of life .they gets infatuated easily n steps wrong. Often fails to judge others it may b friends, relatives , co- workers ,parents. We like to trust people n often being betrayed . some times our dreams also do hypocrisy n leads us in false n fancy worlds ,when we woke up there waits nothing for us.we get no way to survive ,find no support to turn back ,manage no way to recover d condition. we just keep rounding among regrets , repenting n curse effects of our unconscious attempts . we never think about d negative results those could b held if we fail to materialize our aim ,if we stumble on d way , if luck doesnâ€™t favor us. what will happen if we been defatted ? how will we balance ourself then? We donâ€™t take a substitute preparation for harsh time. try to imagine d dark side of d day n plan how we can survive that darkness if we take proper arrangements thn curse will never come to us as badluck likes to hit a weak fance.even it comes it will b reflected as we will hv enough strenth to fight against it. Its very important to become very practical in life ,specially in this time when we made new relations, understand the depth of previous relations . take new decisions n get results of past duration of life.its a turning point of life where we hv to take perfect precautions to propel our life towards right direction. So one must depend on oneself rather than other who ever they r that doesnâ€™t matter .when d time of suffering will everyone will leave you. Take alternative options for every fight that none can turn down u .come out from d world of dream n step on d hot ,harsh earth of reality .here all r his his whos whos so never think when you will fall down anyone will hold ur hand n raise u up.. just stay in you n be sure that u have all kind of preparation to face both positive n negative mood of time ,life relations n dream. { here is a little thought of me that I have realized .just tried to express my feelings nothing els) thank u all Personal http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1793273 Sat, 12 Apr 2008 09:53 EST The territory of the Republic ( BANGLADESH} http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1793271 [BISMILLAH-AR-RAHIMAN-AR-RAHIM (In the name of Allah, the Beneficent the Merciful)] PREAMBLE We, the people of Bangladesh, having proclaimed our Independence on the 26th day of March, 1971 and through [a historic war for national independence], established the independent, sovereign People's Republic of Bangladesh; [Pledging that the high ideals of absolute trust and faith in the Almighty Allah, nationalism, democracy and socialism meaning economic and social justice, which inspired our heroic people to dedicate themselves to, and our brave martyrs to sacrifice their lives in the war for national independence, shall be fundamental principles of the Constitution;] Further pledging that it shall be a fundamental aim of the State to realise through the democratic process to socialist society, free from exploitation-a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedom, equality and justice, political, economic and social, will be secured for all citizens; Affirming that it is our sacred duty to safeguard, protect and defend this Constitution and to maintain its supremacy as the embodiment of the will of the people of Bangladesh so that we may prosper in freedom and may make our full contribution towards international peace and co-operation in keeping with the progressive aspirations of mankind; In our Constituent Assembly, this eighteenth day of Kartick, 1379 B.S corresponding to the fourth day of November, 1972 A.D., do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this Constitution. THE REPUBLIC 1. The Republic. Bangladesh is a unitary, independent, sovereign Republic to be known as the People's Republic of Bangladesh. 2. The territory of the Republic. The territory of the Republic shall comprise- The territories which immediately before the proclamation of independence on the 26th day of March, 1971 constituted East Pakistan [and the territories referred to as included territories in the Constitution (Third Amendment) Act, 1974, but excluding the territories referred to as excluded territories in that Act; and] such other territories as may become included in Bangladesh. [2A. The state religion. The state religion of the Republic is Islam, but other religions may be practiced in peace and harmony in the Republic.] 3. The state language. The state language of the Republic is 6[Bangla] 4. National anthem, flag and emblem. (1) The national anthem of the Republic is the first ten lines of "Amar Sonar Bangla". (2) The national flag of the Republic shall consist of a circle, coloured red throughout its area, resting on a green background. (3) The national emblem of the Republic is the national flower Shapla (nympoea-nouchali) resting on water, having on each side and ear of paddy and being surmounted by three connected leaves of jute with two stars on each side of the leaves. (4) Subject to the foregoing clauses, provisions relating to the national anthem, flag and emblem shall be made by law. 4A. Portrait. (1) Portrait of the President shall be preserved and displayed at the offices of the President, Prime Minister and Speaker, and all embassies and missions of Bangladesh abroad. (2) In addition to clause (1), Portrait, of only the Prime Minister, shall be preserved and displayed at the offices of the President and the Speaker, and in head and branch offices of all government and semi-government offices, autonomous bodies, statutory public authorities, government educational institutions, embassies and missions of Bangladesh abroad. 5. The capital. (1) The capital of the Republic is [Dhaka]. (2.) The boundaries of the capital shall be determined by law. 6. Citizenship. (1) The citizenship of Bangladesh shall be determined and regulated by law. (2) The citizens of Bangladesh shall be known as Bangladeshis.] 7. Supremacy of the Constitution. (1) All powers in the Republic belong to the people, and their exercise on behalf of the people shall be effected only under, and by the authority of, this Constitution. (2) This Constitution is, as the solemn expression of the will of the people, the supreme law of the Republic, and if any other law is inconsistent with this Constitution and other law shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY 8. Fundamental principles. [(1) The principles of absolute trust and faith in the Almighty Allah, nationalism, democracy and socialism meaning economic and social justice, together with the principles derived from them as set out in this Part, shall constitute the fundamental principles of state policy. (1A). Absolute trust and faith in the Almighty Allah shall be the basis of all actions.] (2) The principles set out in this Part shall be fundamental to the governance of Bangladesh, shall be applied by the State in the making of laws, shall be a guide to the interpretation of the Constitution and of the other laws of Bangladesh, and shall form the basis of the work of the State and of its citizens, but shall not be judicially enforceable. 10[9. Promotion of local Government institutions. The State shall encourage local Government institutions composed of representatives of the areas concerned and in such institutions special representation shall be given, as far as possible, to peasants, workers and women. 10. Participation of women in national life. Steps shall be taken to ensure participation of women in all spheres of national life.] Participation of women in national life.] 11. Democracy and human rights. The Republic shall be a democracy in which fundamental human rights and freedoms and respect for the dignity and worth of the human person shall be guaranteed 12[, and in which effective participation by the people through their elected representatives in administration at all levels shall be ensured 13. Principles of ownership. The people shall own or control the instruments and means of production and distribution, and with this end in view ownership shall assume the following forms- state ownership, that is ownership by the State on behalf of the people through the creation of an efficient and dynamic nationalised public sector embracing the key sectors of the economy; co-operative ownership, that is ownership by co-operatives on behalf of their members within such limits as may be prescribed by law; and private ownership, that is ownership by individuals within such limits as may be prescribed by law. 14. Emancipation of peasants and workers. It shall be a fundamental responsibility of the State to emancipate the toiling masses the peasants and workers and backward sections of the people from all forms and exploitation. 15. Provision of basic necessities. It shall be a fundamental responsibility of the State to attain, through planned economic growth, a constant increase of productive forces and a steady improvement in the material and cultural standard of living of the people, with a view to securing to its citizens- the provision of the basic necessities of life, including food, clothing, shelter, education and medical care; the right to work, that is the right to guaranteed employment at a reasonable wage having regard to the quantity and quality of work; the right to reasonable rest, recreation and leisure; and the right to social security, that is to say to public assistance in cases of undeserved want arising from unemployment, illness or disablement, or suffered by widows or orphans or in old age, or in other such cases. 16. Rural development and agricultural revolution. The State shall adopt effective measures to bring about a radical transformation in the rural areas through the promotion of a agricultural revolution, the provision of rural electrification, the development of cottage and other industries, and the improvement of education, communications and public health, in those areas, so as progressively to remove the disparity in the standards of living between the urban and the rules areas. 17. Free and compulsory education. The State shall adopt effective measures for the purpose of - establishing a uniform, mass-oriented and universal system of education and extending free and compulsory education to all children to such stage as may be determined by law ; relating education to the needs of society and producing properly trained and motivated citizens to serve those needs; removing illiteracy within such time as may be determined by law. 18. Public health and morality. (1) The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the improvement of public health as moving its primary duties, and in particular shall adopt effective measures to prevent the consumption, except for medical purposes or for such other purposes as may be prescribed by law, of alcoholic and other intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injurious to health. (2) The State shall adopt effective measures to prevent prostitution and gambling. 19. Equality of opportunity. (1) The State shall endeavour to ensure equality of opportunity to all citizens. (2) The State shall adopt effective measures to remove social and economic inequality between man and man and to ensure the equitable distribution of wealth among citizens, and of opportunities in order to attain a uniform level of economic development throughout the Republic. 20. Work as a right and duty. (1) Work is a right, a duty and a matter of honour for every citizen who is capable of working, and everyone shall be paid for his work on the basis of the principle "from each according to his abilities to each according to his work". (2) The State shall endeavour to create conditions in which, as a general principle, persons shall not be able to enjoy unearned incomes, and in which human labour in every form, intellectual and physical, shall become a fuller expression of creative endeavour and of the human personality. 21. Duties of citizens and of public servants. (1) It is the duty of every citizen to observe the Constitution and the laws, to maintain discipline, to perform public duties and to protect public property. (2) Every person in the service of the Republic has a duty to strive at all times to serve the people. 22. Separation of Judiciary from the executive. The State shall ensure the separation of the judiciary from the executive organs of the State. Separation of Judiciary from the executive. 23. National Culture. The State shall adopt measures to conserve the cultural traditions and heritage of the people, and so to foster and improve the national language, literature and the arts that all sections of the people are afforded the opportunity to contribute towards and to participate in the enrichment of the national culture. 24. National monuments, etc. The State shall adopt measures for the protection against disfigurement, damage or removal of all monuments, objects or places of special artistic or historic importance or interest. 25. Promotion of international peace, security and solidarity. 14[(1)] The State shall base its international relations on the principles of respect for national sovereignty and equality, non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries, peaceful settlement of international disputes, and respect for international law and the principles enunciated in the United Nations Charter, and on the basis of those principle shall- Strive for the renunciation of the use of force in international relations and for general and complete disarmament; uphold the right of every people freely to determine and build up its own social, economic and political system by ways and means of its own free choice; and support oppressed peoples throughout the world waging a just struggle against imperialism, colonialism or racialism. 15[(2) The State shall endeavour to consolidate, preserve and strengthen fraternal relations among Muslim countries based on Islamic solidarity.] Religion & Ethics http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1793271 Sat, 12 Apr 2008 09:20 EST use of computer in bangladesh http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1792876 Computer: Use of computer began in Bangladesh in the 1960s and assumed wider dimension in the nineties. Information Technology is today a well-known matter. IT began to assume greater acceptability in this country from the middle of the nineties. The first computer in Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan) was installed at the atomic energy centre, Dhaka of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission in 1964. It was an IBM Mainframe Computer of 1620 series. The main use of the machine was resolving complicated mathematical calculations in different research works. In the sixties rapid expansion of bank and insurance as well as trade and commerce including scientific research at both home and abroad increased manifold the volume of routine accounting works which necessitated rapidness in this job. In many of the big organisations, maintenance of accounts manually became almost impossible. During this period a number of big organisations of the country set up costly Mainframe Computer. The then Habib Bank installed IBM 1401 computer while the United Bank used IBM 1901 in the late sixties. These computers belonging to the 3rd generation Mainframe type were mainly used for entire accounting works of these banks. Before the independence, an IBM 360 computer was set up at the Bureau of Statistics in 1969. A Mainframe computer was also installed at Adamjee Jute Mills during the same period. Before independence, inclusion of computer hardware and software related courses in the curricula of Mathematics, Physics, Applied Physics and Electronics at university level education began, though in a limited way. After independence computerisation process in this country got a new spurt. In this manner bangladesh bureau of statistics played an important role. Big computers like IBM 370, IBM 9100 and IBM 4341 etc were installed in this organisation in phases since 1972. The development of computerisation process in this organisation still continues and different powerful computers and other ultra modern IT equipment of subsequent generations have since been installed there. In September 1979 an IBM 370 and an IBM 4331 Mainframe Computer were introduced at the bangladesh university of engineering and technology (BUET) and BUET Computer Centre was also established. This Computer Centre has been playing a pioneering role in imparting computer education in Bangladesh and disseminating computer technology in the country. atomic energy research establishment (AERE) at Savar installed an IBM 4341 Mainframe Computer in 1981. The Dhaka University Computer Centre began its journey with an IBM 4331 Mainframe Computer in 1985. The invention of microprocessor by the Intel Corporation of the United States in 1971 brought about a revolution in the shape and capability of computer. Microprocessor based computers started to appear in the markets. Personal Computer or PC innovated by the IBM (International Business Machines) company hit the market in 1981. Later on high-powered microprocessors began to evolve one after another alongside powerful PCs. The IBM did not keep any prohibitory regulation about manufacturing IBM compatible computers from the very beginning. This brought about revolutionary changes in their prices and their uses also multiplied. On the other hand Apple Computer Incorporate also released in the market Apple-Macintosh computer evolved by them. But the Apple did not adopt any liberal policy in making their compatible computer and hence the price of Macintosh computer remained very high that precluded it from achieving expected popularity. Nevertheless, due to some special practical privileges Apple-Macintosh were widely used particularly in printing industries. PCs became easily available due to its easy use and cheapness in price. As a result, use of PCs started to increase in Bangladesh mainly since the last part of the eighties, especially in education and business concerns. However, wider use of computer in Bangladesh accelerated from the mid-nineties. Innovation of Bangla software Bangla writing in computer was first materialised in 1987 and an engineer namely Mainul Islam deserved the claim of this success. He managed to write Bangla in Apple-Macintosh computer using his self-evolved font 'Mainulipi'. In this pursuit the conventional English keyboard was used without using any separate keyboard for Bangla. The difference in type and form of Bangla and English alphabets and the problems relating to Bangla conjunct letters were solved using the advantage of four layer keyboard of Macintosh. Two more Bangla font, namely 'Shahidlipi' and 'Jabbarlipi' were evolved immediately after Mainulipi. Next year, ie in 1988 the first Interface 'Bijoy' useable in Apple-Macintosh computer was built under the auspices of a non-government organisation 'Anando Computers'. The layout of the first Bangla keyboard was also composed during this time. Among the initial keyboards, Bijoy and Munir are worth mentioning. In the Interface technique, the Bangla keyboard is attached with the Operating System (OS) of the computer and Bangla is inscribed in the computer by activating this keyboard and selecting a Bangla font. Bijoy, being a Macintosh based interface and the price of Apple-Macintosh computer being too high, number of its users was limited. Its use was practically confined to printing and publications. The users of IBM computer were always more and keeping this in mind two higher secondary level students Reza-E Al Amin Abdullah (Aunko) and Md. Shahidul Islam (Sohel) evolved a self sufficient Bangla word processing software entitled 'Barna' in early 1992. Innovation of this independent word processor by these two meritorious programmers from their own firm 'Safeworks' was an epoch making event. This was DOS based (Disk Operating System), though the appearance of the programme was like the Windows. In the Barna, three types of keyboard could be used - Munir, Bijoy and Easy keyboard. The Barna also incorporated the advantage of keyboard restructuring (customise). That is, one could make out new keyboard layout according to one's liking or convenience. Subsequently, with the introduction of better and better word processor versions in the market by Microsoft Corporation, an interface 'Bijoy' was evolved in 1993 with a view to using Bangla font and Bangla keyboard with Microsoft Windows in IBM computer. Later another interface namely 'Lekhani' was made available in 1994. Though 'Aabaha' (later part of 1992) was the first interface suitable for use in IBM computer, its use remained restricted due to some lapses. Quite a few Bangla interfaces are prevalent at present, viz Bijoy, Lekhani, Proshika-Shabdo, Anirban, Barnamala, Prabartana, etc. Like more than one interfaces, a number of Bangla keyboards are also operating, viz Munir, Bijoy, National, Lekhani, Prabartana, ShahidLipi, etc. Due to the absence of a universal keyboard layout in Bangla and the lack of harmony among different interfaces, a document composed by using a particular interface and keyboard layout can not be edited by using a different interface and keyboard layout. However converter programme is being attached in some interfaces recently or converter programmes are being compiled separately. A universal keyboard layout and proper coordination between different interfaces made by various companies are necessary to resolve this problem. In keeping pace with interface and keyboard layouts Bangla font has also achieved sufficient development. Various fonts ranging from very common to artistic standard have been composed. Apart from word processor, Bangla keyboard and fonts can be used in various other application package programmes. For use with word processor different Bangla spell checking programmes have also been made, viz Pundit, Prashika Shabda-kosh, Lekhani, etc. But owing to the absence of any particular layout for Bangla font in the computer, no progress has been achieved so far in sorting Bangla alphabets in serial order. In 2001, the IT team of the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Banglapedia, after much research, was able to attain success in sorting Bangla alphabets in computer. Following the use of Bangla in computer, role of computer in offices and printing industries in Dhaka rapidly assumed a great dimension. Exportable software development in Bangladesh commenced in 1995 while exportable multimedia system development began in 1997. Use of Internet and e-mail Though the use of Internet worldwide spread rapidly in 1990, Bangladesh joined the bandwagon much later. Use of Internet in the country started in 1995 for the first time in a limited way through offline e-mail. VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) was first set up in 1996 for Internet purpose. Online Internet connection started mushrooming through an Internet Service Provider (ISP) by the name ISN. At present there are more than 50 ISPs in the country; of these only BTTB (Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board) is government owned. Most of the ISPs are Dhaka based. However online Internet facilities are now also available outside Dhaka in cities like Chittagong, Sylhet, Khulna, Rajshahi, Bogra and Cox's Bazar. With the establishment of online Internet service a new horizon has been opened in the field of education, research, business and entertainment. With the expansion of online Internet facilities, various institutions and organisations have started to release their self-introductory WebPages. The official Web address of Bangladesh Government is www.banglagov.org where various information regarding the country have been furnished in brief. E-mail is the cheapest, fastest and the most dependable media in the field of communications in the present day world. With the introduction of this system in Bangladesh, its use is increasing day by day right from individual level to all fields of education, office and commerce. With a view to introducing faster mail service Bangladesh Postal Department has arranged Electronic Post (e-post) at a number of post offices in the country. Under this postal system messages are sent and received through Internet. A good number of Cyber Cafes have been set up in Dhaka City where Internet facilities including web browsing are available. Some educational institutions, training centres and business houses of the country started setting up Local Area Network (LAN) from the beginning of the 1990s. Among them Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Rajshahi University and Bangladesh Open University have set up high standard optical fibre LAN backbone for internal communication. In 1997 a plan was undertaken to connect all the universities of the country through a Wide Area Network (WAN) called BURNET. Subsequently Dhaka University and BUET were brought under this network through radio link in 1999. The other universities have not yet been brought under this network directly but they can be connected through dial-up. The government has another plan to connect the big libraries of the country through another Wide Area Network BANSLINK. Another move is underway to set up a high bandwidth optical fibre cable through underneath the Bay of Bengal in a bid to connect Dhaka and Chittagong directly with Singapore. This will connect Bangladesh with the Global Information Super Highway which will revolutionise Bangladesh's communication facilities with other countries of the world. With the establishment of this optical fibre cable link speed of Internet browsing will increase manifold with decreasing cost and rates of international telephone calls are also expected to come down. Computer assembling No computer components are yet produced in Bangladesh. In most cases these are imported from Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore and Korea. Besides, few computers and computer components are also imported from Japan, America and various European countries. Different local companies assemble most of the computers now in demand in the country. However, a few fully pre-assembled brand computers are also imported from abroad though their number is extremely limited. The government has made computer hardware, software and their accessories duty-free from 1998-99 fiscal year with a view to encourage the use and expansion of computer in the country. As a result, prices of computers in the country have decreased and their use multiplied many folds. Use of computer In Bangladesh today computer is being used in research and educational institutions, government and private organisations, business concerns including bank and insurance, industries, mills and factories, military installations etc. Among the government offices, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics is the largest user of computers. The Statistical Bureau at present uses computer at every phase of preservation, processing and analysing of data collected from various surveys including formulation of database. In financial institutions including banks, particularly in private banks, maintenance of database and extension of various services are increasingly getting computer based. Computerisation is also gradually under way in government banks. Foreign banks played a pioneering role in introducing computerised financial transactions in Bangladesh. By using computer technology, these banks are being able to give better services to their clients by establishing links with inter-branch, inter-bank as well as inter-continental banks. Most of the local private banks are following this today. Some local and foreign banks individually or collectively have been running Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) network by using computer technology. ATM card device is fast spreading in the country's main cities. Credit card has also become popular all over the country since inception in 1999. At present, companies like VISA, Master Card and VANIK are dealing with this computer based Credit Card Service which is a safe and easy device of monetary transactions. Very recently a number of foreign banks have introduced Electronic Fund Transfer Service. Microchip installed Smart Cards are also becoming popular in the country gradually. This device has been proved to be very useful specially in repaying of bills of various services oriented organisations and companies. Various technology based departments and agencies of the Bangladesh Government viz SPARRSO (Space Research and Remote Sensing Organisation), Bangladesh Meteorological Department, Survey of Bangladesh, Water Resources Planning Organisation (WARPO), Geological Survey of Bangladesh, etc are using computer in formulation of their database and mapping. In particular, by using GIS (Geographical Information Systems) software, drawing of various types of skilful maps at shorter time is being possible. Bangladesh Meteorological Department is now able to provide faster and more accurate weather forecast by analysing meteorological data collected from satellites and formulation of maps through computer. This is enabling people to take preparations during times of natural hazards and decreasing the volume of damages to much extent. Besides, analyses relating to weather and climatic changes are also being possible through computer modelling. Bangladesh Election Commission has taken up a project to prepare a flawless voter list with the help of computer. Different government and non-government organisations are using Data Base Application Software to meet their respective requirements. Though these software were imported from abroad in the past, at present various local software companies are being engaged in most of the cases to make these customised software. The management and running of large scale and important industrial concerns of the country are now to much extent dependent on computer technology - particularly those industries where it is essentially important to keep intact the qualitative standard of the goods produced. For example, pharmaceutical industries. In these factories, qualitative standard of drugs is being ensured with the help of computer. Computer organisations In 1983 a national committee was formed aimed at purchasing computers to cater to the government requirements. In 1988 the committee was renamed as the National Computer Board. This Board was further reformed in 1989 and was made into an institution under the Ministry of Science and Technology in the name of Bangladesh Computer Council (BCC). BCC has now been working as a government advisory body on computer. A number of professional bodies have been set up under non-government endeavours to steer ahead the computer-culture in the country. Of these, Bangladesh Computer Society is the pathfinder. The number of members of this Society, founded in 1979, is now well past four thousand. In 1992 computer businessmen set up Bangladesh Computer Samiti (BCS). Under the auspices of this association, an extensive computer market called BCS Computer City has been established at IDB building at Agargaon in Dhaka. BCS Computer Fair is organised every year in this Computer City. The Samiti also arranges regular computer fair in the country's main metropolis apart from Dhaka. There is a number of other computer professional bodies including Bangladesh Association of Software Industries and Services. Computer education The institutional computer education began in Bangladesh in 1984 with the founding of the Computer Science and Engineering Department in BUET. The Computer Science Department at Dhaka University was established on 1st September 1992. At present departments for computer education have been opened in most government and non-government universities in the country as well as in four BITS (Bangladesh Institute of Technology). Computer Science courses has also been opened at Honours level in a number of colleges affiliated with the National University. Computer education has been included in the syllabus at higher secondary level since 1991 and that of secondary level since 1994. Various private computer training centres have been playing vital role in disseminating computer literacy in the country since the middle of the 1990s. Many local computer training institutes are conducting training programmes jointly with various foreign universities and institutes. At present quite a few computer related magazines are being published regularly. Some of these magazines also release Multimedia or CD (Compact Disk) versions side by side paper printed editions. Programmes for establishing 'Computer and IT Villages' at Kaliakair in Gazipur district off Dhaka and at Mohakhali in Dhaka City have been taken at government initiative. When implemented the use and culture of computer and information technology in Bangladesh will increase many times. @ Other Bangla(desh) related sites: We are highly expecting your Comments. Please bring into our attention of any correction and write review of "Computer " entry or new article(s) you want to see in Banglapedia. Write to [banglapedia[use"@"]allbd.com, use Subject: Ref-Banglapedia.SBD C_0328.htm] which will be added to our development section of the site. Computer at mirror site. @ Copyright by Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Served you by Search.com.bd: Search Engine of Bangladesh collected by : MANSURA AFIFA KHAN Science http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1792876 Fri, 11 Apr 2008 06:26 EST help us to become a golden generation http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1782484 we need help We r d most unfortunate generation of Bangladesh . we r randomly rebuked as irresponsible , unconcern , inflatuated , ruined..............................n much more superlatives in d black side .but its not at all our blunder we r being kept away from d real life by our society, education system, promoters of culture n also d environment of our surrounding .yet we donâ€™t know the real history of our country , our freedom fight ,d fighters , d development process n d long run of Bangladesh from its birth .we r totally being misled by d inadvertent fundamental structure of our political n social configuration . if one always used to know that he or she is uncapable to face d truth it will make a cover around their mind n they will b scared to come in light the same curse is happening to us . our responsible elders are so sincere to point out our weak motivation ,our wrong activities, our stirred steps ,irresponsible attitude but do they ever try for correction ?do ever they lend their hand to hold us n reset our steps. They says we left behind our culture n adopting foreign lifestyle .but lets see we have several tv media where we have got so many types of entertainment options but do u have any conversational program about our country ,our culture our motivation .no we donâ€™t .its 2008 so one must be so creative to brought up there future generation .now if u arrange a fock show n invite us to join that it will b a funny jock . u must do something more proficient that could never be denied . d tv media offers us on conversation on pop songs n coffe with some rock stars they never offer us to sit with a freedom fighter .we r much eager to know that what had happened to our motherland ,our kith n keens ,our past ? how they faced d gruesome time ,but we have no way for that We r kept in a cover of cotton n just asked to run after our career d world is offering to go to dogs at every foot step but nobody is trying to prevent those .any how we slip n become a victim of those trap total society comes out to relinquish us .we never been praised for any of our feelings when we light up a sparkle of fair in our mind we never get assistance to spear d fire n burn up all trashes . we r being kept in a vase under huge oppressive thorny herbs n being asked that why u donâ€™t know whats d coloure of light when u made all formal preparation to keep us in darkness why this drama to insult our existence . We love our country very much . but we donâ€™t have d way to comeout from d spared net of falsehood . we need help .we respect our culture very much but we need a perfect nourishment .we do hv much care for d future of our loving motherland but we need proper guidance . When we approach lend ur hand rather thn criticize ,give us enough chances to prove our sincerity , help us to become golden generation . that we can hold d leadership of our country n let her to uphold its head among d world Religion & Ethics http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1782484 Wed, 12 Mar 2008 00:34 EST dream4better http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1776709 days comes n leaves,people enters in our life n lefts us ,wind blows n crosses us we also leave others.in this circle d world rounds. we make way with dream to survive we pray for betterment,for new,for purity,for surprises.n our expectation makes surprises bound to b our friends as for they never forgets our door.life is so short every moment is rushing n saying good bye so hope,pray,dream n wish. love urself ur parents,ur friends,ur future. expect d best for u.god only helps those who help themselves. those who feels there is nothing in hope, what destination have it will come.but there is no destination there is only way in stops. our choice of way takes us to different stops having different value god gave a life of humanbeing rather then anything other so we must make d best use of every moment,every relations,every thoughts,every sounds n make every breath meaningfull Personal http://www.zorpia.cn/shadhinota/journal/1776709 Sat, 23 Feb 2008 08:21 EST